Wild Confusion in Every Direction

10 March 1862

On 24 February, Jason Lombardi, President of Malvern Historical Society in Carroll County, Ohio, posted an 1862 news clipping (right) to the group's Facebook page. He tagged me and asked, "Any details to add to the Haines, Hardesty, & Co. business firm?"(Roll your cursor over the image; a jumble of text should appear. Click on any blog image; a larger version displays.)

Dramatic, first-hand reporting cried out from the front page of the Morning Leader at Cleveland, Ohio. It impressed Lombardi: "A terrific explosion ... one which propelled a two-thousand-pound boiler high enough into the air to crash through the roof of a three-story warehouse!" Thirty feet distant, I might observe. With "cries of distress," and "wild confusion in every direction," the writer's voice certainly conveys agitation.

I'm predisposed to assist Lombardi. Last summer he put into my hands (left) an 1838 record of sales carried out at a Malvern mercantile venture ... operated by my 4x great-grandfather, Rev. William Hardesty (1776-1846). We assessed his sons' provisioning: preparation for a 4th of July one hundred and eighty years earlier.

Mercantile operation, we'll return to that.

Albert R. Haines (1826-1907) is first-listed in 'Messrs. Haines, Hardesty & Co.' I'll begin with him, culling much from Beers' Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Harrison and Carroll, Ohio (1891). Ten years following his parents' arrival from Maryland; the eldest known child of that union was born about a mile northwest of Pekin, Ohio. Haines was schooled in what were no doubt rustic conditions, yet he was teaching when his father Joseph fell ill at the end of 1849.  It's a poignant vignette: "His father taking sick, [Haines] was called home" – from a one-room school at Fairfield, Illinois – "but his father had died and was buried the day before he reached home."

Haines was enumerated as a farmer on 15 October 1850, working his widowed mother's $2000 farm in Brown Township of Carroll County. A brother and four sisters (three not yet aged ten) extended the household she kept, in close environs of his paternal grandfather and uncle.

Haines taught classes locally during winter term before risking a new vocation, to clerk in the store of Joseph Pool & Co. ... in nearby Minerva.

Pool (1830-1917) was born at Minerva and "attended the public schools until seventeen years of age, when he entered his father's dry-goods store," as White informs us, in The National Cyclopædia of American Biography, Vol. X (1900). The 1850 census has Pool in Paris Township of Stark County, Ohio, eldest in his parents' household, enumerated as a Clerk. As for humble beginnings, entry for father John, Merchant, gives no value ... for real or personal estate.

It seems hardly fair, to beleaguer readers with Pool's career, since relationship with Haines must have been fleeting: Pool removed to Canton, Ohio, read law, and was admitted to the bar at twenty-one ... a small window for potential collaboration. He'd left partnership at a Columbus, Ohio law firm by the time of wild confusion at Malvern: Pool had entered military service as a Company Lieutenant. He emerged from the Grand Army of the Republic in 1865 as a Lieutenant Colonel, having risen to quartermaster, and then been appointed by Lincoln to serve as a Union paymaster. Pool also emerged with strong ties to the national Republican Party.

1881 bond, NYWS&B Railway Co.

A soldier's responsibilities likely shaped Pool's trajectory. He was in New York City and President of American National Bank by 1868. After five, lucrative years at the helm, Pool traveled Europe for two years. Following a five-year stint as President of The Manufacturers and Merchants Bank, he bought a railroad and in 1880 reorganized it as the plush New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway. (Pool battled for lowest, feasible shipping rates ... with the Hudson River Railroad: Cornelius Vanderbilt bankrupted Pool's enterprise, in 1885.) The Biographical Directory of the State of New York (1899) gives but a partial list of corporations Pool ran subsequently; prior to lofty appointment as New York City Magistrate in 1897.

Not bad for a Minerva boy. I'd be interested to learn whether Haines and Pool received instruction in the same rural schoolhouse: biography of their schoolmarm might be enlightening.

Returning to Haines, c1851: for "a short time," he is to have clerked for Morledge & Perdue at Minerva. I'll posit one partner was James Morledge (1821-1898): his 1850 census record has him with the highest real estate value (at $1300) among a knot of Paris Township tailors. Perrin's History of Stark County (1881) has Morledge moving to Minerva proper and "engaged in the grain and produce business" c1851. Haines' sister Rachel Ann (c1832-1854) had married Carroll County Blacksmith Rezin Justus Perdue (1823-1890) in 1846. Albert's brother John Haines (1829-1862) had set up as a Wagon Maker with Perdue by 1850. I suspect this Purdue fulfills second-party depiction in 'Morledge & Perdue.'

Haines' first apparent exercise of actual partnership is to have arisen with brothers Jeremiah Gustavus (1822-1895) and William Frederic Unkefer (1828-1894), in a general store at Minerva. Family connections likely played a role in this proprietorship as well: paternal aunt Rachel Haines was mother to the Unkefer brothers.* I find it notable that family-owned Unkefer Farm Equipment Company has operated from Minerva since 1947.

Haines' association with Perdue kin had certainly soured by 13 February 1856. On that date, Haines was alone in legal action against his mother, five siblings and four Perdue children born to his recently deceased sister: Haines sought to have almost 640 acres partitioned. Four parcels, in Stark and Carroll Counties, had apparently been inherited in common by the parties. The case was still being litigated in 1869.

Beers' profile on Haines, published while he was yet living, informs us that, "In the fall of the year 1855 Mr. Haines removed to Malvern, where he conducted a general country store, keeping everything the farmers needed, and buying all kinds of produce. The store belonged to a joint-stock company, he being general agent and stockholder." We might postulate that this 'joint-stock company' unveils precursor to the subject of Lombardi's inquiry: A. R. Haines acted as agent for the Farmer's and Mechanic's Mercantile Association. George Hardesty (1812-1875), fifth known son born to Rev. William, above [and Louisa Knouff/Knauff (1782-1850)], was President of the firm, based at Malvern.

Haines married Almira Harsh (1831-c1919) at Carroll County on 25 August 1857. He succeeded Otto Henry Paessler (1829-1888) to become Malvern postmaster on 11 November that year. Haines held the post until 7 August 1861, precisely seven months prior to a one-ton boiler dropping through the Haines, Hardesty & Co. warehouse roof. We'll attend frequently to Malvern postmasters: I may be influenced by the mere fact that records exist; it may be relevant that foot traffic nicely complimented commercial trade.

[Speculation in U.S. postal contracts is theme at The Ruling Force of Time.]

6 April 1859

Haines, Hardesty & Co. became manifest on 30 March 1859. 

Notice arrived in a Carrollton, Ohio newspaper (right): "Successors to the Farmer's and Mechanic's Mercantile Association ... have added a large amount of new capitol (sic) to the original stock, and are now prepared to do even a larger business in the mercantile and produce line, than has heretofore been done by the old firm. Their Spring stock of Goods are (sic) now arriving and will be sold lower than at any other establishment in the country." Grand proclamation promised the "highest price in CASH paid for Wool, Grain, and other produce." Keep in mind the idea that partners intended for cash to circulate.

Hoping to dampen wild confusion in every direction, I at this point refrain from deep depiction of identified partners, other than by naming them in order of display: Haines and George Hardesty entered association with David Hough Sholl (1828-1911) and Hardesty's younger brother Thomas (c1820-1870). I will individually elaborate on this Malvern assemblage presently.

"The business prospered," observed Beers. As 'A. R. Haines,' Albert is enumerated on 28 June 1860 as a (new father and) Malvern merchant. His real estate, likely including goods on hand, was valued at an impressive $6800. Not yet thirty-four, he is to have held $1625 in his personal estate. The Haines household was apparently situated between the families of Cabinet Maker Joseph Fishel (1833-1915) and John Harsh Tressel (1833-1909), then a Professor at Malvern Academy. By the time of the explosion, two of four surviving daughters had been born to the Hainses.

Much is made, in multiple profiles, of Haines' antipathy toward (the death penalty and) war. In June of 1863, he registered for the Union draft (as a merchant). But one entry separates Haines from the above Thomas Hardesty, depicted as a miller. Neither man indicated prior military service.

Albert R. Haines (1826-1907), c 1890.

"After several changes," in the next few years, Haines (right) "bought out the whole business, and conducted it upon his own account." A notable career followed purchase of Haines, Hardesty & Co.. In History of Carroll and Harrison Counties, Ohio, Vol. II (1921), Eckley devoted a page to the "leading merchant in the village of Malvern." Haines "became one of the most influential men in the Carroll County ranks of the democratic party."

Democrats chose him to serve as an elector in support of Horace Greely's doomed 1872 presidential campaign. He represented Ohio's 21st District in the state senate, 1876-1877, as Republicans controlled both chambers; and the 18th Congressional District, as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888 at Saint Louis. (Their candidate, Grover Cleveland, was voted from office. Ohio's 'favorite son,' U.S. Sen. Allen Granberry Thurman was also on the ticket.)

Former-Senator A. R. Haines was among Malvern men providing the Malvern Clay Company with $6500 in capital in 1887, according to Eckley's History of Carroll and Harrison Counties, Ohio, Vol. I (1921). Evocative of the 1862 explosion, the plant burned in 1889. Perseverance paid off: a prototype paving brick was awarded a gold medal at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago. Follow-on business was rewarding. Beers divulged that Haines "owns the clay and coal land near Malvern, out of which the clay and coal are taken to the Malvern Clay Company plant, in which he is an officer and stockholder. He also owns several thousand acres of land in the State of Arkansas."

By then ensconced at his 'Church Hill Farm' on outskirts of Malvern village in the Sandy Valley (see map, below), Presbyterian Haines "broadened his intellectual ken" ... by extended travel. Crossing the Atlantic in the autumn of 1889, he capped extensive and repeated domestic travel – from the eastern seaboard at least as far as Rocky Mountains – with a year-long, European sojourn. Haines visited a half-dozen "great cities of the world." By his passport (left) we can appreciate that his hair had grayed by age sixty-three. He stood 5' 8" tall. A small chin, gray eyes and large nose were set into a round face with a high forehead.

As far as I know, following 1860, Haines is ever afterward enumerated as a farmer. A wealthy farmer, to be sure: his 1870 estate converged on $27,000. Church Hill Farm was an accommodating place. His sister-in-law (about twenty-nine years Almira's junior) shared their 1880 household, when Hainses' daughter Joetta was enumerated a Shop Keeper for a Dry Goods Store. Empty-nesters Almira and Albert - he then aged seventy-one - listed infant Henry J. Reed as an 'Adopted Child' in their 1900 abode.

I suspect Haines himself declared he "never accumulated a fortune" to Beers. Haines was ill, at the drafting of a last will, dated 8 December 1906. Almira was favored; all four daughters were to "share and share alike" following her death ... notwithstanding likelihood that specifically-allocated Des Moines and Denver properties could be expected to fluctuate in value, prior to passing through the widow's estate. Haines can be seen as a financial planner: he provided that any contesting his will should be disinherited.

Haines is at rest, with his wife and three daughters, at Malvern. An impressive obelisk towers over his headstone at Bethlehem Cemetery.

As for 'Hardesty,' in Messrs. Haines, Hardesty & Co., there were two. Sons of the above Rev. William Hardesty – who began securing Ohio land grants a decade prior to Haines' parents' arrival – who died in 1846. A one-time Methodist circuit rider, Hardesty is not primarily remembered as a merchant. He "reared a family of ten sons, nine of whom followed the pursuit of their father and owned their mills," recorded Lee, in History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Vol. II (1892). He continued: "Most of the grandsons in their day also became millers, so that, at the present day, a legion of successful millers bears the name of Hardesty." (A chart depicting this cast of characters appears at the post's culmination.)

I re-introduce George Hardesty (1812-1875), as second-named in 1859 announcement of the firm's establishment. Though I assume it would be wise to elevate easily recognized personalities ... to lend confidence to the enterprise ... perhaps investment ratio served as rationale for precedence in depiction of partners' names when Haines, Hardesty & Co. was first promulgated. Rank was apparently not based on personal wealth. George had represented Carroll and Tuscarawas Counties in Ohio's 47th General Assembly, 1847-1848. Conclusion of his term in office almost coincided with termination of his stint as Malvern postmaster, which ran from 3 February 1841 through 28 January 1848. [George was succeeded by his next-younger brother, Philip Willard Hardesty (1815-1892) ... who in 1857 was succeeded by Haines, Hardesty & Co. partner Sholl's older brother Jacob, Jr..]

A dense digital array illuminates George Hardesty on line. He no doubt deserves his own post, if not blog site. Childless after 1836 marriage to Hannah Jackson Hillerman (1815-1883), three unrelated preteens shared the Hardesty Homestead at Malvern (image below), which George inherited from his mother in 1850. Hardesty was at this time enumerated as a Miller, possessed of $4000 in real estate. Three years later, W. W. Reilly's Ohio State Business Directory indicates partnership with younger brother Thomas (another Haines, Hardesty & Co. partner). While their father was alive, the trio expanded from grist-milling ... to build and operate a sawmill. By 1853, the brothers expanded enterprise to become Sash, Door & Blind Manufacturers. They were acknowledged Produce Dealers at the time: I've no idea where such undertaking fell ... in terms of revenue generation. It seems George and Thomas organized themselves as 'Hardesty Brothers.' That's a name which will soon blossom into some complexity: let me say that this iteration  – which included George's next-elder brother William, Jr. (c1810-1869) – dissolved by "mutual consent" at the close of 1859. Haines, Hardesty & Co. had formed in April; William, Jr. went on to develop Carrollton Steam Mills at the county seat.

Initially a Whig, George, among the "legion of millers," seems to have most hallowed his father's Methodism ... and politics. Contrary to his interests as a shopkeeper, Hardesty maintained (public and) lifelong antipathy for intoxicating liquors. A credentialed delegate (as was future U.S. President Rutherford Birchard Hayes), Hardesty played a role on the Permanent Organization Committee at Ohio's Republican Party convention of 1860. They nominated 'Honest Abe' for President.

17 Nov 1858

Brothers George and Thomas Hardesty were each enumerated with at least $13,000 in real estate in 1860 census. Each held nearly $5000 in personal estate. The accumulation is stunning, a decade after their mother's estate was settled. Particularly when it becomes apparent that the pair were three- and in several instances sixteen-times wealthier than siblings. It's unclear whether wealth parity reflects fifty-fifty partnership between George and Thomas. In November 1858 (eight months after proposing formation of an historical society at Carroll County), George was solely associated, publicly, with screaming notice of Hardesty's Mammoth Stove and Tinware Establishment at Malvern (right). Reading deep into the ad, it becomes apparent that, at harvest, "everything in the produce line, that can be bought, sold or eaten," will be taken in payment: if this is not the Farmer's and Mechanic's Mercantile Association, the enterprise is in conflict with it.

At the time of 1862 explosion, George and Hannah accommodated her parents and various extended-family members in household at the Hardesty Homestead, as well as two of the unrelated children of a decade earlier … and a White woman, depicted as a German-born 'domestic.'

George Hardesty was Malvern's first Mayor when the 1870 census was taken. Haines, Hardesty & Co. remained a going concern, but mercantile operations may have contributed less to his net worth ... of an astounding $41,000 in real estate, and thousand dollars in his personal estate. The current iteration of the gristmill his father had started was valued at $25,000 (and milling $15,000 worth of George's own grain, annually). Calamity re-visited Malvern. Hardesty's adjacent, water-powered woolen mill (indicated on Atlas map, below) had not been insured when it burned in the summer of 1869, but would soon return to generating income. The sawmill, also on water diverted from Sandy Creek, was valued at $5,000: it had by then become complicit with a barrel factory, and generated $3000 annually. The two operating mills employed a half-dozen Malvern men, year-round.

1870 was not entirely a banner year for George Hardesty. Embracing speculation, he invested sufficiently to be made a Director for the Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Continental & Chicago Railroad. According to History of Morrow County and Ohio (1880), the firm "died a natural death" two years later. Boosters had been unable to convince local investors to finance the laying of track in their environs.

Hardesty Homestead, 1874

Hardesty Homestead, as George had constituted it, was valued at $10,000 in 1870, when including improved acres under cultivation. The image (left) was published by Hiram Hubbard Hardesty (1822-1898), the (youngest and) only son of William and Louisa not to pursue milling in adulthood. In his Illustrated Historical Atlas of Carroll County, Ohio (1874), Hiram – enumerated as an 'Atlas Peddler' in 1870, with combined net worth of less than $2000 – described brother George as a 'Miller and Banker.' The designation may have been in response to Haines, Hardesty & Co.'s lending capacity.

 George Hardesty (1812-1875) 

"Even those who come with nothing but CASH, "will not be turned away,"" concluded the tinware ad (above) that went out over George Hardesty's name in 1858. Mercantilism, and buying and selling produce, may have, by 1870, given way to drawing greater profit from reinvesting cash accrued in that core business.

Hardesty (right) shared this with Haines: both are to have abstained from alcohol. Hardesty's good works become more evident to me late in his life. He was in 1873 styled 'Reverend,' when helping retire $1122 debt for brick construction of the still-standing Methodist Episcopal Church at Malvern. By the beginning of 1875, bacterial infection (which likely inflicted facial blemish) began to seriously debilitate Hardesty. He'd acquired Union Mills at Van Wert, Ohio ... and been active in establishing a schoolhouse there. George died in March of that year.

He and Hannah also repose beneath a fine obelisk ... in a private cemetery atop the hill crowning Hardesty Homestead.

Third-mentioned in Haines, Hardesty & Co. was David Hough Sholl (1828-1911), who succeeded Haines and was serving as Malvern postmaster when a rocketing boiler landed in their warehoused corn. Pennsylvania-born to German-born parents, "he removed to Malvern ... in his boyhood," according to a finely printed death notice offered online, without citation, by descendant Anne Louise Robinson Moore. "At the beginning of his business life Mr. Sholl was a carriage manufacturer building the vehicle complete from the shaping of the nails upon the anvil to the finishing coats of paint. Later he engaged in general merchandising." His biographer amplifies a thread which tethers some in this cast of characters: "Mr. Sholl was a member of the Masonic lodge, having joined in Minerva while a resident of Malvern. With his characteristic zeal he traveled the five miles distance between the two places many scores of times ..."

A 'life-long Methodist,' Sholl married German-born Maria Engleman Paessler (1831-1924) at Carroll County in 1850. She was younger sister to Otto Henry, above, who had succeeded their father, Christian G. Paessler (d 1856), as Malvern postmaster; a position Christian held from 8 July 1854 until his death. The 1850 census offers Christian and Henry as modest Carders and Fullers, no doubt preparing fibers for George Hardesty's woolen mill.** Visited just thirty days prior to their marriage, David and Maria are enumerated in parents' adjoining Scholl and Paessler households. Brother millers Phillip Willard and David Hardesty, who straddle Thomas in birth order, each maintained households in Paessler environs. Future partner David Sholl was in 1850 more likely shaping nails: as Blacksmith, he was learning from elder brother Jacob, Jr. ... then described as a Wagon Maker. Their father almost certainly worked in a Hardesty mill.

Maria had inherited by the time of the explosion. According to the 1860 census for Malvern she held $400 in real estate in her own right. Sholl, enumerated as a Clerk, was also possessed of $400 in real estate, and holding $1000 in his personal estate. The couple had three young daughters in common. Among Haines, Hardesty & Co. partners, their father likely held the fewest shares. Sholl had resources, however. He was subject to two, Civil War era drafts; Union records describe chronic stomach disease: "conditions of health compelled him to send paid substitutes" confided his biographer. Sholl is to have moved to Van Wert in 1864, eventually retiring to Chicago, where he died. Let us have him depart our scene. He and Maria lie in unmarked graves at Woodland Union Cemetery, Van Wert.

Last-named in Haines, Hardesty & Co. announcement above was Thomas Hardesty (c1820-1870), whose entry appeared proximate to Haines' in the 1863 draft record. Among Rev. William's progeny, seventh-son Thomas' career can be distinguished: "Milling was his principal occupation but he also became interested in the banking business," wrote Lee.

Thomas married Mary Jane Collins (b c1820) in 1840. Only twenty-one households were enumerated in Malvern proper that year. Hardesty brothers account for four of them, six years after their father platted out the town site. If location can be derived from this record, the couple were situated between Jacob Sholl, Sr. and three, elder Hardesty brothers [George and my 3x great-grandfather John (1805-1878) among them].

All four surviving children had been born to Thomas and Mary Jane by 1850 ... when his real estate was valued at $3750. His occupation is listed as Miller, though father William had modeled speculative venture in which sons were vested. Thomas was, by 1848, registered owner of the canal boat 'M. Adams of Malvern.' Eldest brother Adam Hardesty (1802-1859) persisted as a 'Boatman' in 1850, though brother Isaac (1822-1897), whose home likely sat beside Thomas', no longer captained his canal boat, 'Malvern:' Isaac was enumerated as a Clerk in 1850.

In 1834 "when it was almost a certainty that the Sandy and Beaver Canal (route, left) would pass [through what was then Stark County] Hardesty platted a town ... and named it Troy," reported Gard and Vodrey in The Sandy and Beaver Canal (1952). Rev. William Hardesty's town site would be re-named 'Malvern.' Hardesty had invested in the enterprise, if not served as a Company Director: the project was completed two years after his 1846 death. Though the ill-fated firm ceased operations in 1852, the watercourse powered Hardestys' Malvern mills for years to come. Financial outlay ultimately failed return on investment ... yet the venture no doubt widened sons' vision of dispersed economic capacity.

Thomas' enumeration in 1860 census – as a Malvern miller – attributes $13,250 for real estate holdings ... double that of Haines', and on the order of brother George, ensconced at Hardesty Homestead. At $4650, his personal estate nears equivalence with Haines and George. Thomas acquired Dover City Mills at Canal Dover, Ohio, in 1866. According to Lee, Hardesty "retired from active life in 1868, and died in the following year at the age of fifty-four." I do not know where he was interred.

I believe we can deduce that whilom banker Thomas was a principal capitalist in Haines, Hardesty & Co. at time of the 1862 explosion. In his will, dated 28 December 1869, Hardesty's executor was to disburse $14,000 ... in shares of the Exchange Bank of Baker and Hardesty. In the likely year of his death, the 1870 Merchants and Bankers Almanac carried entry for the private bank of Baker & Hardesty, at Canal Dover. The New York-based investment firm of Winslow, Lanier & Co. acted as correspondents for the enterprise.

Without giving clue to its business pursuits, or span of operations, Hardesty's will also referenced "the late firm of Hardesty and sons." Haines-Hardesty partnership was broad; incorporating one known associate not mentioned in the firm's name. I can assure you that expanding, inter-generational narrative allows me to tussle with 'wild confusion' in my own reporting.

Demise of Haines, Hardesty & Co. did not immediately follow Thomas' death.

Thomas' only sons, Alonzo Haines Hardesty (1846-1892) and William A. Hardesty (1848-1908), almost assuredly perpetuated partnership with Albert R. Haines and remaining financialists following their father's death. The pair did team up ... as Hardesty Brothers ... to profoundly expand the milling operation they'd inherited from their father.

Substantial business acumen distinguished this pair among Lee's "legion of successful millers." After primary education at Malvern's one-room schoolhouse, William A. (who, with brother Alonzo, did serve the Union Army in Civil War) attended Duff's Mercantile College at Pittsburgh, the nation's first business college.

The Hardesty brothers were at Canal Dover in Tuscarawas County, Ohio ... and accumulating $8500 in mill profits annually by 1870 ... when each married. Alonzo took as his bride Mary Catherine Baker (1849-1914). Importantly, she was eldest child to Philip Baker (1812-1881), who is readily identified as 'founder' of the Exchange National Bank, later known locally in Dover as the Baker Bank. I contend the institution was, long before receiving its charter in 1890, initially organized as the Exchange Bank of Baker and Hardesty. President Baker, a man of longevity and high finance, had in the interim served as Director in a stock offering widely subscribed at Canal Dover; his ongoing public profile no doubt submerged that of Thomas Hardesty, a Carroll County-based partner who did not long survive the venture's initiation.

1903 Dover Directory

Twenty-six-year-old Alonzo's real estate was valued at $6000, William's at $5000 in 1870: each is enumerated with $2000 in his personal estate. Hardesty Brothers bought out their major competitor's mill in 1872. Audacious commercial adventuring was a sign of things to come.

I've delineated a pair of Haines' Malvern-area parcels in Hardesty's 1874 Atlas [detail right, Hiram in 1853 married Amelia C. Paessler (1832-1916), another daughter of Christian Paessler (above)]. That same year The Bankers Almanac for 1874 depicted Haines, Hardesty & Co. as financiers behind Farmers' Deposit Bank, apparently the sole repository then doing such business at Malvern. Capitalized at $100,000, it was affiliated with Kountze Brothers Bank at New York City. [Enriched subsequently in the west, partner Herman Kountze (1833-1906) left his father's Osnaburg, Ohio mercantile business at the age of 26.]

Upon the 1874 Atlas map dedicated to Malvern (detail, left), I've highlighted the only bank indicated. Perhaps it was to the nearby Union Hotel that a "somewhat injured" Theodore Johns had been taken a dozen years earlier, following boiler eruption. I was unable to discern either Harford's Steam Furniture Establishment, or any ware-house ... let alone that of Haines, Hardesty & Co..‡

Oddly, Haines, Hardesty & Co. ... as an entity ... appeared in The Banker's Almanac and Register of 1876 as 'President' of Farmers' Bank. Perhaps the partnership dissolved or was discontinued that year: cryptic listing by The Bankers Magazine, Vol. 31, indicates organization of Farmers' Bank at Malvern changed somehow in 1876. Haines was unspecific as to the date, in his above claim, that he "bought out the whole business." It may be that Haines' broadening interest in politics led to the partnership's demise.

The Hardesty Brothers had not only added to their father's Canal Dover mills, they'd embraced steam power. Financing a $3000 Corliss steam engine (left), installed in 1879, no doubt required the pair to amass capital: need for such may have required dissolution of Haines, Hardesty & Co.

I suspect, however, that the firm's disestablishment was occasioned by George Hardesty's 1875 death. He and Haines had been the last two partners at Malvern. Akin to the Haineses, George and Hannah effectively adopted: widow Hardesty would end her days in the Toledo household of Morris H. Brown (c1842-1911). It's difficult to ascertain who inherited from George, but Brown, raised by the couple, certainly did not step boldly into Hardesty family enterprise.

Thomas' sons were certainly on the move: the Hardesty Brothers may have been disinterested in cumbersome financial entanglement. Twenty years their senior, Haines may have obliged them. I found no further reference to the firm, by name.

After seventeen years, Haines, Hardesty & Co. likely ceased operations in 1876. I would exceed Lombardi's specific query to carry on much further. Story-telling, however, compels me to lay out for you a bare-bones trajectory of William A. Hardesty and nephews.

Each Hardesty brother (Alonzo and William A.) was enterprising outside the partnership, but their core business branched into branding flour, buying and shipping grain. 

The Bankers Magazine, Vol. 35 (1881) offered notice that President Baker had died: the Exchange Bank at Dover was soon backed by 'P. Baker's Sons & Hardesty.' As she was a Director of the Bank by 1910, this may indicate that Alonzo's bride Mary Catherine (Baker) Hardesty had – in her own right – by then acted in concert with her financier brothers for at least nineteen years.

William A. Hardesty (1848-1908)

William A. Hardesty (right) modeled conglomeration. He relocated to Columbus in 1880, where Hardesty Brothers incorporated latest technology to build a thoroughly modern flouring mill from scratch. In ten years he, as President, helmed the Ohio State Savings Bank and Trust Company. Brother Alonzo died, of complications following a fall in a Dover mill, in 1892. William went on to embrace new industrial processes at the coming of the 20th century: he became Vice-President of the Hanna Paint Manufacturing Company, and served on the initial Board of Directors for the Columbus Citizens Telephone Co. In 1900 the Duff's Mercantile College attendee was a Director of the Columbus Machine Company; by 1903 he served as President of the National Bread and Columbus Varnish Companies ... all while remaining head of the savings bank.

Outstanding entrepreneurialism descended along Alonzo Hardesty's line. 

Forgive me a final discursion. William's only son, Thomas Moore Hardesty (1877-1931) joined Alonzo and Mary's surviving spawn: Harry A. (1871-1955), Walter Collins (1879-1935), Jessie Duncan (1880-1936) and Edgar Alonzo Hardesty (1884-1972). All clerked at Hardesty Brothers, and then rose in the ranks or launched into collateral pursuits. First cousins formed Hardesty Milling Company: it concentrated on flour and grain. Harry operated a seed and grain export business out of New York and London offices by 1900. In 1904 second-generation Hardesty Brothers purchased an opera house at Dover (above left).

As a teen, Walter's foot had been amputated following a mill accident. Among other, higher-level responsibilities, the opera house was in his charge.† By the time of his uncle William's death, Walter presided over the Hardesty Manufacturing Company at Canal Dover. It was likely by his own enterprise that the 'Automatic Theater Chair' was introduced by 1908. Self-folding perches offered several innovations; they were also narrow, and "will seat 25 per cent more people than the old seat," according to a Billboard Magazine ad (above). The contrivance made him independently wealthy ... as nickelodeons and then motion picture houses supplanted vaudeville.

UPDATE: Practicalities of Idealism, Chapter One launches biography of the extraordinary Walter Collins Hardesty, Sr. (1879-1931).

Rio Vista on the Halifax

While dabbling in Republican politics, Walter settled into a real estate career. It was either financial embarrassment at Akron, Ohio, or magnificent vision which led him to invest in Florida land ... in advance of boom times. "W. C. Hardesty Realty Co. ... will develop a 350-acre town site and construct roads and streets; install water, gas, and electric lights, park etc." announced the Manufacturers' Record in 1922. The result was charming. Denizens ultimately erected thirty-eight distinctive, red-tiled, villa-style homes two miles from Daytona Beach.

More, beneath the luxuriant Rio Vista plat, drafted by Hardesty's engineer, town planner and landscape architect.

"Rio Vista is not a vision, but a reality," declared Orlando Evening Star advertising, of investment opportunity. Motor coaches ferried prospects to the property from five Florida offices by 1925. The firm asserted it had already poured a million dollars into the project. No doubt Hardesty's home (right) figured into that calculation.

The visionary centerpiece, however was the exotic Riviera Hotel (right). In addition to a casino, the Monte Carlo Grill and a jazz-age piano lounge; the property met needs of trap shooters, golfers, polo and hunt clubs. A three-hundred-foot dock with boat and canoe club on the Halifax River accom-modated yachtsmen. Rio Vista even boasted a zoological garden. Seemingly over the top, guests were to be ferried across the property by gondola. In The Daytona Beach News-Journal, Lane in 2014 credited Hardesty's wife with design of faux Roman ruins (below), a façade psychologically intended to suggest the project's enduring permanence to those receiving first impression by rail. "Complete with columns, vine-covered friezes depicting chariot teams and mysterious stairs" descending into a canal, "they were said to cost almost $50,000 to build."

The visionary's maiden name, that of Walter's bride, was Anna Haines (1880-1931) ... and we stumble on another Haines, Hardesty association.§

* William Frederic Unkefer [and wife Charity Ann Keith (1837-1905)] would in 1872 name a son for Haines, the father's maternal cousin and one-time business partner.

** One pastime for this blog is to evidence property in historic relationships. Otto Henry Paessler, brother-in-law to Hiram (George and Thomas Hardesty's youngest brother), suffered "no less than $5000" loss when his stocks burned in an 1869 fire at George Hardesty's Malvern woolen mill ... seven years following boiler explosion. Paessler held $2000 insurance; Hardesty the capitalist had none to cover his $3000 loss. Hardesty was worth a whopping $42,000 in 1870. German-born Paessler, seventeen years younger, was enumerated that year as having $4000 in real estate, and $3500 in his personal estate (perhaps reflecting insurance payout).

† The one-footed Walter Collins Hardesty (right) was a leading figure among free-thinkers. The Buckeye Secular Union enjoyed opportunity to convene at his Opera House. From The Humanitarian Review, Vol. 7 (1908): "At the evening session, Mr. Walter C. Hardesty, of Canal Dover, pointed out the beauties of practical "Idealism." Not a word too many, not a word too few – a perfect little literary gem, evincing a talent which Mr. Hardesty, who is a quite young man, would do well to put in frequent practice." His bold vision, for the Rio Vista on the Halifax, demonstrated capacity to heed the admonition.

‡ What became of Haines, Hardesty & Co.? "The dry goods store of Haines & Shepherd, of Malvern" was operating in 1874 according to 1890 biography of Willard James Combs (1860-1917). Combs clerked for the firm for six years, from the age of fourteen; he wed Albert and Almira Haines' daughter Joetta (1861-1946) in 1883. As Combs was three years later buying and selling grain in Altoona, Iowa ... for Albert's younger brother, Thomas Eakin Haines (1831-1908) ... I cannot definitively state Albert Haines partnered with the unidentified Shepherd, following demise of Haines, Hardesty & Co..

§ Anna, born in Sabetha, Kansas was daughter to merchant Henry Clay Haines (1844-1924), born at Canal Dover, and himself son of Marylander Samuel Haines (1810-1891) who died at Canal Dover ... when Albert R. Haines, of Haines, Hardesty & Co. was sixty-five years old and at Malvern.

NOTES:

Bold face indicates the author's direct ancestor.

Theodore W. Johns (1841-1896) may be the party slightly wounded in the 1862 explosion at Malvern. An unsourced online tree has him marrying less than 90 days later: daughter Nettie was born at Minerva in 1874. I found nothing on Mr. G. S. Harford, owner of the demolished Steam Furniture Establishment.

I extend appreciation for archivists, and the Ohio Historical Society at Columbus in particular. The Library of Congress was able to digitize Cleveland Daily Leader reporting, upon which this post is based, due to the organization's preservation of source documents.

Further research: Index to Notices in the Canton Repository 1850-1875 at Stark County District Library in Canton, Ohio indicates a 19 March 1875 obituary for George Hardesty may be available. Dayton Metro Library may have Haines' obituary in the Dayton Daily Journal.

"Blast Followed By Pandemonium:" an explosion rocked Dover, Ohio on 4 May 1949. It killed at least one man employed by the New York-based Hardesty Chemical Company. Six workmen were hospitalized, scores injured. Debris discharged five hundred feet into the air, to cover many adjacent blocks. The manufactory was subsidiary to the W. C. Hardesty Co., Inc.; those initials make it exceedingly likely that the company President was named for Walter Collins Hardesty or his son of the same name. Reporting (right) continued on page fourteen, in just one of the papers circulating dozens of first-person accounts of this disaster.

UPDATE: 2023 post With the Spirit of Enthusiasm corrected above-misattributed ownership of W. C. Hardesty Company at Dover. William Couzens Hardesty (1892-1962) was President of the firm.

Most Hardestys referenced in the post are depicted below: it is not a full descendant chart.

See What Will Come of It

Researching participation of a paternal Haradon clan, in the Civil War Battle of Stones River, I unearthed a first-hand account of hospitalization and burial. The Union Army of the Cumberland and Army of Tennessee, C.S.A., had suffered nearly 25,000 casualties in a clash which heralded the new year of 1863. About 1700 Union & 1300 Confederate soldiers had died in several days of fighting, just west of Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on 1 January 1863, in the midst of this days-long battle. It declared "all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be, free." Tennessee, by popular vote, seceded from the Union in June 1861: slaves therein had been declared freed ... by a government their masters had withdrawn from.

The author of the news account, 'J.S.P.,' in the 20th Independent Battery, Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery, is most likely Tennessee-born John S. Patterson. Forty years old, and just having been promoted Corporal after two month's service, he uses the military term 'contraband' for freed slaves: “I rode out to the cemetery to see where our soldiers are buried. There are many persons constantly engaged burying the dead,” he wrote from Nashville, where Haradons lay wounded in one of dozens of makeshift facilities. “The graves, in rows and close together, cover nearly two acres of ground. – There are about 700 Confederates and nearly as many “contrabands,” buried here – eight or ten of the latter daily. They are put in the ground as close together as they can be set.” (Quotes in the original may indicate the term was being introduced.)

By an Act of March 1862, the U.S. Congress prohibited Union officers from returning "fugitives" from Confederate service, or returning those who escaped from persons to whom "labor is claimed to be due." The term contraband referenced the first case: that of captured enemy property.

'Contrabands,' 'fugitives,' or self-emancipated; they were used by the U.S. Army in very much the same way Yankee armed services employed forced, slave labor. Many are the incidences where commanders sought to shun responsibility, ejecting refugees incapable of this drudgery from finding haven among their troops. Responses to emancipation among the 100th Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry - in which the Haradons served - ranged from disgruntlement to outright threats to abrogate three-year commitments.

While many social signals were given during recruiting ... when war-boosters back in Illinois telegraphed their belief that this fight was to eliminate slavery ... the primary motivating factor, for many who did enlist in the 100th Illinois, was to preserve union formed of revolutionary resistance to colonial exploitation. Not all had signed on to free slaves. Many Yankees were certainly uncomfortable in a new social order. Not a few were discomforted to find themselves in proximity to free Negroes.

It should be noted that Lincoln had advanced a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (left) on 22 September. Three months had passed, to psychologically adjust to the idea that subjugation would end ... for some. Yet it's obvious that the Corporal does not yet fully comprehend emancipation. In the Quartermaster's Unit, he sets the value of wartime butter, flour and potatoes in dollars. "Salt is so scarce as not to sell at all … at any rate a barrel of it is worth more than a negro at these times.” Patterson perceives a marketplace where oppressed human lives still have pecuniary value.

Even though partial emancipation has been fully proclaimed, Patterson is curious as to the lived condition of slaves. He does not inject 'former' when discussing a woman's master.* It's interesting that he thinks readers will find it notable that a runaway slave he interviews "has a decided preference to be free." As if that aspiration is challenging to consider. "They all testify to this," says Patterson, of his informer's contention: "We never had such easy times." Dislocated, freed slaves "fare better now than when the seccesh army was here." Patterson is quartered in a barn; food and even firewood are scarce, even for those with cash.

The correspondent, reporting to the Sandusky, Ohio Daily Commercial Register on 22 January (excerpted in the image, below), is particularly curious about relationships. Some masters "treated their slaves as well as their children," relates Patterson. His interviewee was reluctant to marry when enslaved, however: the man, now a father, avers it would have been far too challenging to invest emotionally, and then "stand by," as a loved one was humiliated and physically abused.

Patterson's unnamed source seems willing to correct misconceptions. The Ohio soldier asserts Confederate military policy, summary execution for Negroes in Union service, "will turn the colored people against them."

"No, it won't," contends his counterpart. "[We are] against them now," says he ... of those who advocate such policy.

"Do you belong to the man of this house?" asks Patterson. In the current tense, as if emancipation has not occurred.

One glimpses a sense of humor as the freedman explains he never has. In his accounting, he asserts his master (likely former Tennessee Bank President, Granville Physic Smith) entered service as Colonel in a Confederate Army. "He run away from me," the subject explains.

The day following, on 1 February, reporting by the Daily Ohio Statesman in Columbus questioned the Proclamation's effect. "It is now just one month since the President's second and great Proclamation of Freedom, as the Abolitionists call it, was issued. By this time, according to radical prophecies uttered before the issuing of the proclamation, the backbone and sinews of the rebellion, which the radicals assure us are the slaves, should have been so broken and weakened that the Confeds would be about giving up the contest in utter despair.” Partisan, Democratic editors employed the term 'black bondman' when referencing an anticipated spike in recruiting: Lincoln's Proclamation “has called neither white not black soldiers into the field; it has not promoted slave insurrections, or excited a single black bondman to strike for freedom.”

“Abolitionists and their followers hang back from the service as much as before, and are trying to force the negroes to do all the fighting for them,” contend 'Copperheads' who are willing that the Union be restored, even if slavery remains intact. "Well, arm the negroes, as many as you can get, and do it quickly, and see what will come of it.” Editors no doubt hope readers will shudder at the thought of Blacks, so recently scarred by whips, finding rank while bearing lethal weapons.

*It's unclear, in the Sandusky reporting, which words are Patterson's and which result from editors. The interviewee, "almost a full-blooded negro," is to have used the term "they" when speaking of colored people. We might conclude the subject would have identified with this group ... and that an author or editor's voice has imposed itself on whatever the informer sought to convey.

He is the Goods

Rev. Andrew Tribble (1741-1822) was a Baptist preacher who was so revered by our family that at least six individuals in my tree were likely named in his honor. A cousin and fellow researcher recently informed me that history also records an African American performer by the same name.

My mother has long held that skill sets pretty much overlap: any good sermonizer probably had to make a career decision on whether to go into acting instead.

'Tribble' is an interesting appellation. What I find startling is that, although their lifespans did not overlap, both Andrew Tribbles lived in Madison County, Kentucky. The African American Andrew Tribble (1879-1935) was born there to Alice (likely Scutter or Scudder, b c1855), who was widowed by 1880 when she and sons Amos and Andrew were boarding in the village of Union. (Amos and Andrew, we'll return to that.)

There's high likelihood of a relationship between the two Andrew Tribbles. Tantalizingly, at the bottom of the 1880 Madison County census page is listed the unmarried (white) Columbus N. Tribble (b c1812), grandson of 'my' Rev. Andrew. He's farming beside (black) Jacob Tribble (b c1836), Jacob's wife, and nine juveniles (all described as 'servants' ... even to the one-year-old). Tribbles (and Scudders) are in close proximity. Online family trees peter out, failing to name the black Andrew Tribble's father. Knowing what I do about Jeremiah Turner, I realize it's quite likely I'm cousins with this 'new' Andrew Tribble.

Evocative of Ball's The Sweet Hell Inside, I learn that, as a child, Andrew Tribble performed in the 'The Original Pickaninny Band,' who found success with a composition In Old Kentucky. He was married, singing and dancing in Chicago when, aged 25, his career as a funnyman took off. Soon he was appearing in drag costume and was cast in The Shoo-Fly Regiment, one of the first all-black musicals to hit Broadway (1908). In his 1988 book, The Ghost Walks, Henry Sampson quotes a contemporary reviewer as saying Tribble's spinster character, 'Ophelia Snow from Baltimo', "was exceedingly well done. All must give it to Tribble, he is the goods."

1931

In short order, Tribble was touring Europe as 'Babe Johnson' in Captain Rufus. He's credited with dozens of roles in his 40-year career. In 1931, Tim Moore (who played 'The Kingfish' in Amos ’n Andy) "and his vaudeville straight man, Andrew Tribble, performed one of their funniest routines in Oscar Micheaux's first talking picture, The Darktown Revue," reported George Tyler in his column 'Harlem Rambles,' in Baltimore's Afro American.

And we are back to Amos and Andy, a duo that - in 1928 - was one of the first comedy series heard on radio. The black sitcom had nothing to do with Amos and Andrew Tribble. Written and voiced by Charles Correll and Freeman Gosden, the duo lured a huge and sustaining audience by pretending to be a pair of hapless Georgia farmworkers, transplanted to Harlem. The lead characters of this tremendously successful broadcast were all African American. Correll voiced Andy while Gosden voiced both Amos and The Kingfish, according to Wikipedia.

Did you know Amos 'n Andy were originally white?

After failing to find a film audience by appearing in black makeup, Gosden and Correll hired black talent when they began televising the program. See the clip here.

Instead of wading into debate about whether Amos 'n Andy were derisively stereotypical, a conversation in vogue since Bishop W. J. Walls began a full-fledged crusade against the characters in 1930, we will return to the cross-dressing Tribble. In the 2001 anthology, African-American Performance and Theater History, Annemarie Bain takes serious the comedian, calling Tribble's work, "a determined break from constraints imposed by gender roles in society."

In 2003, professors Hill and Hatch, in their Oxford-published History of African American Theatre, cited Sylvester Russell, whom they termed 'easily the most severe black critic of the era.' Russell wrote for the African American newspaper Freeman, at Indianapolis: “Mr. Andrew Tribble [is] the greatest protean artist his race has ever produced … Watermelon Time was a perfect fit of a song, in which Mr. Tribble wore salmon silk, something wonderful in quality, that outshone anything in the female contingent."

Critics took the genre seriously, often earnestly detailing vapid story-lines. R. W. Thompson’s 1910 Freeman review declared “Andrew Tribble, a Washington favorite, plays ‘Babe Johnson’ … with a naturalness that stamps him as the best impersonator of female comedy roles in the business, and the house was in a con-stant roar all the time he was on the stage. His costumes were up to date, and his ‘hobble skirt’ was a wonder to behold. Mr. Tribble was given a big ‘hand’ nightly."

Bain spends several pages on Tribble: "In his female impersonations, Tribble seems to have relied on the comedic elements solely. He was not presenting the prima donna character of white minstrelsy, whose allure was in the convincing portrayal of her realness." "Gender impersonators such as Tribble were primarily comic in purpose and did not in any way thrive on the ambivalence of whether or not Tribble was truly a man or a woman."

Tribble's work arose from historical traditions of white, ante-bellum 'minstrelsy.' Adding African syncopation to European melodies like highland reels and Irish jigs, lyrics parodied African American vernacular. Think of the songs Dixie,* and Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny,** as well as the titles All Coons Look Alike To Me, and She's Gettin' Mo' Like The White Folks Every Day. White mintrelsy became wildly popular, and was given its place in legitimate theater. Reublin and Maine, at The Parlor Song Academy describe how white men singing 'coon songs' "exploited every conceivable black characteristic, real or imagined, for its comic possibilities. African-American aspirations to a place in society, food preferences, the imagined inclination for crime, and gambling all were exploited." Minstrelsy continued all through the reconstruction period.

Later, in the same era when Tribble was performing, my gregarious maternal grandfather went to town and - smearing burnt cork on his face - sang, danced and (as has been passed down to me) engaged in slapstick comedy with other local talent before fellow Methodists or Masons. Minstrel shows were originally performed by white males in 'blackface.' These performances relied on black culture for inspiration, yet fiercely denigrated people of color.

To recap: we have white men pretending to be black fools. Then we have a black man, also in parody, pretending to be a woman. Both talent pools conspired to satirize women. Bain says - as women sought the vote - Tribble's impersonations were one way of dealing with women's changing social roles. Hill and Hatch observed a new, burgeoning population escaping their misery in minstrel laughter, music and mockery: "In the flush of this stimulant, the immigrant’s status was lightened by the knowledge that he was ‘free, white, and twenty-one.” To that congregation we might add 'male.'

It's a strange milieu. In Ragged But Right: Black Traveling Shows, Coon Songs, and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz (2009), Abbott and Seroff caution readers: "Minstrelsy has become another ‘forbidden’ subject, lately reduced to a metaphor for historical racism in popular culture. But do not confuse the African American minstrel companies of the ragtime and blues era with their nineteenth century white predecessors. Black minstrel companies stole the audience away from the pale imitators, thus opening a pathway of employment for hundreds of musicians, performers, and entrepreneurs." They dip into the Freeman to cite a black critic who called Bob Cole and Billy Johnson (African American producers who ushered Tribble to national prominence) “a credit to the race,” declaring, “It has always been the motive of Messrs. Cole and Johnson to elevate the Negro on the stage, by laying aside the stereotype style of Negro performances and opening up a new field for the more ambitious Negro on the stage." At times if not always, Cole and Johnson's touring troupe were all black. "Minstrels managed to broadcast the latest trends in racial music, dance and humor throughout the South," where they were sometimes banned.

Said Will Marion Cook, African American violinist turned composer and musical director of the turn-of-the-century hit Clorindy: “Negroes were at last on Broadway, and there to stay. Gone was the uff-dah of the minstrel! Gone the Massa Linkum stuff! We were artists and … nothing could stop us.”

I've found one quote directly attributed to Andrew Tribble (The New York Age, 24 Dec 1908). From that:

"I never go on the stage unless I try to do my best. That, somehow, has always been my motto, and I have been well paid for sticking to it."

Tribble was playing 'Miss Lilly White' in Cole and Johnson's The Red Moon at the time. I cannot discern from the image (above, right) whether a black man was portraying a white woman in this role. But my mind boggles as I gather from several sources that black minstrelsy followed at least one custom established by whites: Tribble was known to perform in blackface.

So, let me see if I have this right. At the dawn of the Jazz Age, African Americans were highly compensated for going into blackface and mocking white actors who had been pretending to be black. Tribble, in blackface, pretended to be Lilly White.

"According to legend, Tribble died while performing on stage in Baltimore in 1935" wrote humorist Travalanche in 2019. See more at Drag Star of Darktown.

Communally-expressed humor can take public dialogue to subjects it otherwise might not entertain. Ministers and minstrels both seek to alleviate suffering. Sometimes they offer relief that is a detriment to others.

1894 - The Original Pickanniny Band, likely featuring Andrew Tribble.

*Dixie became an anthem of Confederate succession prior to the Civil War. White minstrel composer Daniel Decatur Emmett received royalties for this popular hymn ... as an Ohioan in New York City. Talk about cultural appropriation, Lincoln ordered Dixie played the day following Lee's surrender, saying, “Our adversaries over the way attempted to appropriate it, but I insist that we fairly captured it.” Hill and Hatch offer the possibility that not only was Dixie written by a Yankee, but that credit might go to Emmett's African American neighbors, Ben and Lew Snowden. Their Ohio tombstone reads, "They taught Dixie to Dan Emmett."

**Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny was written in 1878, about the time of Tribble's birth. It is credited to James Bland, an African American minstrel born in New York. In 1940 this work, with its romanticized view of slavery, became Virginia's State Song. In 1994 the Virginia Senate proposed amending some lyrics, replacing 'darkeys' with "dreamers" and "Massa" with "my loved ones." The bill failed. In 1997 Governor George Allen signed legislation making this minstrel ode the 'State Song Emeritus.'

TOP

UPDATE:
From an Andrew Tribble researcher: